Which of the following was NOT mentioned as an architect of modern policing?

The role of J. Edgar Hoover in the history of modern policing primarily revolves around his tenure as the Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and his influence on federal law enforcement within the United States. While Hoover contributed significantly to the development of the FBI and implemented various reforms in federal law enforcement during his time, he is not typically recognized specifically as an architect of modern policing at the broader municipal level.

In contrast, August Vollmer is often credited as a pioneer in the field of professional policing. He was instrumental in promoting the idea of police as a learned profession and advocated for police reform, better training, and the use of technology. O. W. Wilson also had a major impact through his work on police methods and administration. Bruce Smith contributed to the development of modern police practices as well, particularly in the context of crime prevention and community relations.

Thus, while Hoover's contributions to law enforcement were significant, the term "architect of modern policing" more accurately reflects the efforts and innovations of others like Vollmer, Wilson, and Smith who directly shaped contemporary policing practices and philosophies.