Which level of systems includes organizations as a whole?

The correct answer focuses on the concept of social systems, which encompass organizations as a whole. Social systems are defined by the interactions and relationships among individuals and groups within a society. They take into account the structures, norms, and functions that govern the behavior of members within organizations and the broader community.

Organizations function as social systems because they are made up of people who interact in structured ways to achieve common goals. These interactions can be influenced by various factors, including culture, social norms, and group dynamics, which are all essential when considering how an organization operates as a cohesive unit.

The other options refer to different types of systems that do not necessarily encompass organizations as a whole. Cybernetic systems focus on feedback loops and control mechanisms, which apply more to specific processes rather than entire organizations. Transcendental systems deal with abstract concepts that go beyond ordinary experiences and do not specifically pertain to organizational structures. Static systems emphasize stability and lack of change, which can overlook the dynamic and interactive nature of organizations. Thus, social systems provide the most accurate context for including organizations as a whole.